Introduction: Heat stress is caused by many factors such as individual factors, environmental factors, and management factors. Individual risk factors can decrease the heat tolerance, and play an important role  in heat stress disorders incidence. The aim of this study was to review individual parameters influencing the thermal stress and review the preceding studies.Material and Method: In this review study sites such as Web of Science, Scopus, Pubmed, Iran Medex, Magiran, Google Scholar and SID databases were used for search. The keywords included heat stress, PERSONAL factors and heat EXPOSURE. The period of 1995 to 2015 was investigated, and finally 75 original articles were identified.Result: At the individual level, EXPOSURE with a single risk factor may reduce the workers’ heat tolerance; while EXPOSURE with a combination of several risk factors probably synergistically increases the risk of heatrelated disorders. Individual risk factors include age, gender, obesity, fatigue, race, and previous heat disorders and dehydration. In addition, some diseases (such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and infectious diseases) or use of certain drugs or alcohol can reduce the heat tolerance.Conclusion: It is necessary to pay attention to the mentioned items when selecting workers in the hot environments. Also, due to the lack of awareness and knowledge of workers, it is necessary to provide appropriate training programs to reduce the effects of heat stress.

The problem of PERSONAL identity among others may stem from the following question—what does be the person that you are, from one day to the next, necessarily consist of? The diachronic problem of PERSONAL identity raises question on the necessary and sufficient conditions for the identity of the person over time. The synchronic problem is grounded in the question of what features or traits characterize a given person at one time. To answer these questions, John Locke discarded the soul and the body as necessary and sufficient substances for PERSONAL identity over time. He accepted consciousness as the only criterion for PERSONAL identity; the only thing capable of remaining the same and preserving PERSONAL identity through change. Though Locke’s argument is somewhat clear and coherent but what remains vague and incoherent is embedded in the question—what exactly is consciousness? How and why should it be the basis or criterion for the determination of PERSONAL identity? Using the method of critical analysis, I argue that Locke’s choice of consciousness as the determinant of PERSONAL identity, though quite novel, is incoherent and vague. Secondly, Locke had already presumed and anticipated clearly though fallaciously the very thing he wishes to substantiate. I therefore conclude that Locke’s argument is just another way of trying to escape but inadvertently prolonging the difficulty of apparently articulating a distinction between the psychological approach and physiological approach to the problem of PERSONAL identity. However, in my submission, I propose the concept of the “other” as alternative approach— a sort of an extrinsic-intrinsic approach to the problem of PERSONAL identity.

Background: Vehicle exhaust is a major source of EXPOSURE to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) found in the urban atmosphere. Newsagents usually work close to heavy traffic flow. The purpose of this study was to assess the breathing zone EXPOSURE of newsagents to PAHs found in the urban atmosphere of Tehran City during summer and autumn seasons and comparing the levels of EXPOSURE in both seasons.Methods: Fifteen non-smoking newsagents were randomly selected from north, south, east, west, and center of Tehran. Particle and gas phases PAHs were collected on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter and XAD-2 adsorbent. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to determine PAHs concentrations in newsagent’s breathing zone samples.Results: The highest and lowest values of EXPOSUREs during summer and autumn in all sampling stations were recorded for benzo [a] anthracene and benzo [ghi] perylene, respectively. Mann-Whitney test results showed that seasonal variation had significant influence on concentrations of all studied PAHs (P=0.001) except benzo [ghi] perylene (P=0.089). An increase in concentrations of PAHs was observed in autumn.Conclusion: The workers of the newsstands in the south area of Tehran City were experiencing higher levels of EXPOSUREs to PAHs. Newsagents’ breathing zone EXPOSUREs to PAHs during the cold period were two to three folds higher than those during the warm period were. The levels of EXPOSUREs in all sampling stations were below the OSHA and NIOSH's recommended EXPOSURE limits.